![]() ![]() The Kingdom of Kush even ruled as Egyptian pharaohs themselves once, but that time has now long past. The Ethiopian and Nubian Kingdoms are as old as Egypt itself, and still have a rivalry with their northern neigbour. A proud and fiercely independent people, these peoples are all united by their excellent horsemanship and a love of trade. The Gaetuli, Garamantes and Nasamones lived a more nomadic life as pastoral nomads along the fringes of the desert. Some Berber groups such as the Mauri and Numidian kingdoms had more sedentary populations living in villages, tilling the soil and tending herds. The Berbers or 'Amazighen' are the native people of Libya, with many different tribes settled from the far west in Mauretania to the east on the borders of Egypt, and south towards the edge of the Sahara Desert. ![]() As a result of the defeat of Carthage, the Celtiberians first submitted to Rome in 195 BCE however, conflicts between various semi-independent bands of Celtiberians continued for decades. The Celtiberians were the most influential ethnic group in pre-Roman Iberia, but they had their largest impact on history during the Second Punic War, during which they became the allies of Carthage in its conflict with Rome, and crossed the Alps in the mixed forces under Hannibal's command. The peoples in the central and northwest regions were mostly Celtic, semi-pastoral, and lived in scattered villages, though they also had a few fortified towns like Numantia.They had a knowledge of writing, metalworking, including bronze, and agricultural techniques. The Iberians in the Spanish Levant were more urbanized than their neighbors in the central and northwestern regions of the Iberian peninsula. The Iberians lived in villages and fortified settlements, and their communities were based on a tribal organization. The Iberian culture developed from the 6th century BCE, in the eastern and southern coasts of the Iberian peninsula. The various Iberian and Celtiberian tribes of Hispania are a valiant and resourceful people. In the absence of large-scale political unification, such as that imposed forcibly by the Romans, the various tribes remained free, led by their own hereditary or chosen leaders. Occupying Germania had proven too costly and this withdrawal ended 28 years of Roman campaigning across the North European plains. In 9 CE, a revolt of their Germanic subjects headed by the supposed Roman ally, Arminius, (along with his decisive defeat of Publius Quinctilius Varus and the destruction of 3 Roman legions in the surprise attack on the Romans at the Battle of the Teutoburg Forest) ended in the withdrawal of the Roman frontier to the Rhine. ![]() In the Augustan period, there was, as a result of Roman activity as far as the Elbe River, a first definition of the "Germania magna": from the Rhine and Danube rivers in the West and South to the Vistula and the Baltic Sea in the East and North. A combined force of Cimbri and Teutoni squared off against additional armies from Rome in 109 and 105 BCE, vanquishing them in the process. The Cimbri crossed into Noricum in 113 BCE looking for food and usable land when they confronted and defeated a Roman army. Unsurprisingly, this cultural confrontation resulted in war between the Roman Republic and the Germanic tribes. Roman sources recount the migrating Germanic people who invaded areas considered part of Imperial Rome. By the 2nd century BCE, they began expanding into eastern Europe and southward into Celtic territory. The Germanic people originated on the North German Plain as well as southern Scandinavia. They are not given to acting in a neighbourly fashion: they will take from the weak, and value their independence above all. Their name, in Latin, is a Gallic borrowing, "ger" and "mani" meaning near-men or neighbours. ![]() The Germanic tribes are fearless warriors, entirely at home in their dark and forbidding forests, worshipping dark, forbidding gods. ![]()
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